Monday, February 18, 2019

CHAPTER 1 PLANNING IN SPORTS

Definition of Planning
Planning is an intellectual process to develop a strategy to achieve desired goal, to solve problems and to facilitate actions.
Planning is the process of thinking about and forming strategies to achieve desired goals smoothly
and efficiently.
Planning is an intellectual process of thinking in advance about setting of goals and developing strategies which are requires to attain the goals efficiently.

Objectives of planning:

1. HELPS TO ACHIEVE AIM OF PROGRAMME 
Planning is done considering aims and objectives of programme. 
A well organised planning helps to develop strategies to accomplish desired goals efficiently.
It also helps in keeping a good control in organizing a tournament.

2. TO MAKE THE BEST USE OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES 
A good planning helps to make the best use of available resources to achieve immediate and long term goals. 

3. TO PROVIDE PROPER COORDINATION AMONG COMMITTEES
Planning helps in directing, assigning duties and work to various committees, 
Planning helps in proper management and coordination of various committees. Without proper coordination , it is difficult to organize a sports competition smoothly and efficiently.

4. HELPS IN REDUCING MISTAKES
Organizing an event with minimum mistakes leaves a good impression on everyone.
A systematic and effective planning reduces the chances of mistakes while organizing a sports competition.
It also reduces undue pressure and last moment rush.


5. HELPS IN ENHANCING SPORTS PERFORMANCE
Planning is necessary to reach at the top or apex position in any sports.
Planning is very important to enhance sports performance of athlete or players.
The attainment of good performance in the field of sports depends on the effective planning of their training.
Their training is divided into training session plans, weekly plans, monthly plans and yearly plans.

  • To reduce undue pressure
  • To promote innovative ideas.
  • To have good control over all the activities.
  • To improve efficiency.
VARIOUS COMMITTEE AND THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES

1. RECEPTION COMMITTEE
Pre -Work 
•To check team details in advance
•To get the schedule fixture details
•To be aware by all boarding and lodging rules and transportation requirements
During Work
•To welcome all the teams
•To inform teams regarding tournament schedule, their stay arrangements and logding timings and other important information.
Post Work 
•To get feedback from various team


2. FINANCE COMMITTEE
PRE -WORK
  •  To plan an approximate budget for the tournament
  •  To get  approvals and
  •  To get the details of the requirement from various committee and their approximate expenses.
  •  To plan for raising funds
DURING WORK
  •  To provide funds to the committee for various activities.
 POST WORK
  • To clear pending payments
  • To prepare exact financial report of the tournament
3. BOARDING AND LODGING COMMITTEE
PRE WORK:-
To get the details of out-stationed teams and their boarding and lodging plans.
To make arrangements for their beddings, pillows, bed sheets, etc
To plan for the meals of teams and officials

DURING:-
To manage comfortable stay of out-stationed teams.
To provide good meals to teams and officials without disturbing their match schedule.

POST WORK:-
To collect and verify the conditions of issued equipments.
To return the equipments bought on rent.

4. PRIZE DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE
PRE WORK:-
To place an order for prizes and certificates for all the events that are to be conducted.
To get the details of all the participants of each team.

DURING WORK:-
To get the results / Winners name list from the In charges.
To write merit certificates and participation certificates beautifully and carefully.
To conduct prize distribution ceremony smoothly.

POST WORK:-
To submit unused or damaged certificates to organizing secretary.

5. MEDICAL COMMITTEE
PRE WORK
To arrange first aid kit, medical equipments and medicines near the ground.

DURING:-
To provide medical aid to injured or sick players.

6. TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE
PRE-WORK
To plan for pick up of arriving teams

DURING WORK
To provide transportation to teams for reaching to the venue of the events.

POST WORK
To provide transportation to outstationed teams while departure.

7. OFFICIAL COMMITTEE
PRE WORK:-
To make all necessary arrangements required for conducting the game for e.g. scoresheets, ball, stop watch etc.
DURING WORK:-
To manage and conduct the game as per the schedule.
To perform referee duty
To minimize and solve disputes during the games,
POST WORK: -
To verify the scoresheets, scoreboard etc.
To return equipments to the incharge committe.
To submit winner's list and results to the prize distribution committee.
To maintain records of the events

DEFINITION OF TOURNAMENT
A Tournament is that series of matches or sports events played between teams or players to decide a winner.


A tournament is a sports festival where various teams or players compete with each other and one team / player emerges as winner

IMPORTANCE OF TOURNAMENTS
1. DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS SKILLS
A tournament provides good platform to display the talent and perfection of skills, techniques, tactics and strategies.
By participating in tournaments various skills of sports are developed.
They aquire efficiency in skills and finally they improve the game.

2. ACT AS MOTIVATION:-
Tournaments also provides evaluation and comparision of teams.
Thus, they act as inspiration and encouragement for players.

3. DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL QUALITIES
Tournaments helps to develop various social traits and ethical values such as honesty, repect, cooperation, sympathy, brotherhood and discipline among sportsperson.

4. SOURCE OF RECREATION:-
Tournaments provide ample recreation to spectators 
They don;t hesitate to spend large expenditure for watching world cups, Olympic games etc.

5. HELPFUL IN SELECTION OF PLAYERS
A tournament is an appropriate way to select good players by observing their performance.

6. PROPAGANDA OF SPORTS
Tournaments are helpful in publicising and popularising a sport.
Whenever a tournament for new sport is organised, it develops the interest of spectators..

TYPES OF TOURNAMENTS
There are five types of tournaments
1. Knock - out or Elimination Tournaments
2. League or Round Robin Tournaments.
3. Combination Tournament.
4. Challenge Tournament.
5. Consolation Tournament.

1. Knockout or Elemination Tournament.
It is a form of competition in which winning teams play further matches as per schedule and defeated teams get eleminated from the tournament until one team emerges as winner.

In knock out tournament, second opportunity is not given to defeated or losing team.

A team once defeated gets eliminated from the tournament.

Only the winning teams continue in the tournament till one team emerges as winner.

Advantages of Knockout Tournaments.
Knock out tournaments are less expensive and economically beneficial for organiser 

Knock out tournaments helps in raising the standard of sports  as each team tries their level best to avoid defeat.

Since there are lesser number of matches, less time is consumed to finish the tournament. Thus Knock out tournaments are easy to conduct.

In this type of tournament, Spectator's interest is high as it brings faster results.

Disadvantages of Knockout Tournament.
Good teams may get eliminated and weak team may come ahead in knock out tournaments

In Knock out tournaments skilled selection of players is not possible as good players may lose their match in the initial rounds..

This tournaments are very stressful to players as every match is a Do or Die condition..

Definition of Fixture
It is the process of systematic arrangements of matches of the teams participating in a tournament.

The success of a tournament depends upon a suitable fixture.

Definition of BYE
A bye is an added advantage given to a team or player so that the team or player getting bye directly moves to the second round of the tournament without playing the first round.
A bye is generally given in the first round of a knockout tournament.

PROCEDURE TO DRAW FIXTURE IN A KNOCKOUT TOURNAMENT
Key points for preparing fixture: -
  • Total number of teams participating in tournament
  • Total number of byes
  • Number of teams in each half or quarter
  • Total number of rounds
  • Total number of matches

Method to draw fixture in knockout tournament.
1. Calculate number of matches
Number of matches is equal to total number of teams – one

2. Calculate number of teams in each half
If the Number of teams are odd then
number of teams in upper half = (n+1)/2
Where n is equal to number of teams participating in tournament
Number of teams in lower half = (n-1)/2
If number of teams participating in tournament is equal to even then
Number of teams in upper and lower half is equal to = (n)/2

3. Calculate number of byes
A bye is a privilege or an added advantage given to teams so that the teams getting byes directly proceeds to the second round without playing first round.
It is very easy to draw fixture if the number of teams is equal to the power of two
If the total number of teams are not equal to the power of 2 then byes are given.

4. Method of fixing byes
First bye is given to the last team of lower half
Second bye is given to the first team of upper half
Third bye is given to the first team of lower half
Forth bye is given to the last team of upper half

5. Calculate number of rounds
 If the number of participating teams is equal to the power of 2 then number of rounds will be equal to the power of 2.
 For example in case of 16 teams number of rounds will be 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 that is 4 rounds
If the number of participating teams is not equal to the number which is power of 2 then number of rounds will be based on the next highest power of 2
For example if there are 10 teams the next highest power of 2 is 16 therefore the number of rounds will be 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 that is 4 rounds

Definition of Seeding
It is the process of arrangement of strong teams at advantageous place in the fixture so that they don’t compete with each other in initial rounds
Usually, seeding is given on the basis of the previous performance, home teams etc
Seeding is a process or procedure of shuffling the position of good teams to avoid best matches in starting to keep interest alive for spectators till finals.

If there are two very strong teams, one will be placed on the top of upper half and the other at the bottom of the lower half of the fixture so that if they win their regular matches they will meet in the finals.
If there are four strong teams then the third team will be placed on the top of lower half and the fourth team at the bottom of the upper half.

Seeding is done to make the contest keen and keep interest of the people or spectators in the tournament alive.

SPECIAL SEEDING:-
In special seeding, the seeded players
enter the tournament in the quarter final or semi final round without participating in the initial rounds.

LEAGUE OR ROUND ROBIN TOURNAMENT
It is considered as the best type of tournament.

It is a form of tournament in which every team plays with every other opponent team for a fixed number of times irrespective of win, lose or draw.

It is played in various forms
1. Single league Tournament
 2. Double league Tournament

In League tournaments, points are awarded for a win (2 points), draw (1 point) and lose ( 0 point), and the winner is the one with maximum number of points after all the games are played.

ADVANTAGES OF LEAGUE TOURNAMENT
1. PROVIDES MAXIMUM OPPORTUNITIES
League tournament provides ample or maximum opportunities to players and teams to show their best performance

2. TRUE WINNERS
league tournament provides true or real winner at the end.
Only strong and deserving team gets victory in the tournament.

3. SKILLED SELECTION
League tournament helps to provide good selection of players or teams.
The sports officials have enough time to observe the efficiency and performance of a playeror team and make an appropriate selection.

4. PROVIDES RANKINGS
At the end of the league tournament gets the rankings, thus they can evaluate themselves.

DISADVANTAGES OF LEAGUE TOURNAMENT
1. TIME CONSUMING
As the number of matches are more, such tournaments are time consuming.

2. LARGE ARRANGEMENTS
League tournament requires more arrangements for sports officials and teams. Hence It costs more.

3. LESS INTEREST OF SPECTATORS:-
Spectators show less interest in league tournament
They don't get proper recreation due to delay in results.

4. DEMORALIZES WEAK TEAMS
In such tournaments weak teams get psychologically demoralized due to their repeated defeats.

5. LOT OF INJURIES
As there are large number of matches, chances of injuries are more in such tournaments.

PROCEDURE OF FIXTURE IN LEAGUE TOURNAMENTS:-
There are 3 methods used for fixtures in league tournament.
1) Cyclic Method
2) Staircase Method
3) Tabular Method

Cyclic Method
In cyclic method, if the number of teams is in even number, one team is fixed at its position whereas other teams are rotated in anticlockwise position.
Number of rounds will be N – 1

If the number of teams is in odd number, bye is fixed on the top of the left side and all the teams are rotated in anticlockwise position.
Number of Rounds will be equal to the number of teams participating in the tournament.

Staircase Method:-
In this method fixtures are arranged in such a way that it resembles a staircase. There is no need to give voice to anything in this method so there is no issue of odd or even number of teams.

Definition of Intramural
Intramural are the activities or competitions that are organised within the walls of the institution or campus. 
These competitions are organised only for the students of a school or institution 
No student of other schools can participate in this activities.

SIGNIFICANCE OF INTRAMURALS

1. Provides opportunity:- 
Intramurals provides ample opportunities to the students to participate in games and sports 

2. Develops interest:-  
Intramural activities develop interest among students to participate and compete in activities of their choice.

3. Wholesome development:- 
Intramural provides Wholesome development of a student.
They are very significant for physical mental emotional and social development.

4. Provides recreation:- 
Intramural provides maximum recreation to the students.
These programs refresh the children and make them agile.

5. Promote moral values:- 
Intramural promote moral and ethical values among students.
 It develops the spirit of togetherness and sportsmanship among students.

6. Better selection:- 
Intramural activities helps teachers or coaches to select good players for extramural competitions.
It helps them to recognise new talent and motivate them to improve further.

7. Develop leadership quality:- 
Intramural are beneficial for developing leadership quality among student who innate leadership skills.

OBJECTIVES OF INTRAMURALS
1. SKILL DEVELOPMENT:- 
To provide the opportunity to learn a variety of games, the fundamental skills, rules and regulations and technical and tactical knowledge of their sports is yet another important objective of intramurals. 
Student learn variety of games, fundamental skills, rules and regulations when they participate in intramural activities.

2.TO DEVELOP ORGANISATIONAL SKILLS:- 
To provide opportunity for the students to get experience of organising a competition is also an objective of intramural in intramural competitions. 
A number of committees are formed for the organisation in which students are also involved directly or indirectly. 
Hence by performing their duties, students also get the experience of organizing games and sports tournament.

3. TALENT IDENTIFICATION:-
To identify talented sports person is also an objective of intramural. 
Intramural activities helps Physical education teacher or coaches to select and identify good players for extramural competitions.

4. TO PROVIDE UNIFORM & EQUAL OPPORTUNITY:- 
To provide opportunity to every student to participate in games and sports is one of the major objective of intramural.
The activities of intramural provides mass participation of students and every student can participate in games and sports of his or her choice.

5. TO DEVELOP LEADERSHIP QUALITIES:-
To develop the leadership qualities among students is another significant objective of intramurals.
Intramural activities are helpful in developing leadership qualities among students who have innate leadership skills.

6. HEALTHY RECREATION:- 
To provide recreation is another vital objective of intramural.
Intramural activities refreshers students.
Student finds a lot of joy fun and pleasure by participating and such intramural activities or competitions.

7. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT:-
These sports develop physical, mental and social capabilities. This leads to an overall improvement in one's personality.

8. TO DEVELOP MORAL VALUES:-
By participating in sports students learn sportsmanship and understand team spirit. They learn to take victory and defeat in right spirit.Sports develops cooperation, teamwork, respect for opponents, etc

DEFINITION OF EXTRAMURALS.
Extramural refers to the activities that are organized outside the walls of the institution or school

 Students of two or more school generally participate in them.

Extramural activities are conducted at various levels like interschool, inter-District, inter-state, Cluster, Zonal, National and international level.

SIGNIFICANCE OF EXTRAMURALS

1. Extramural activities helps in developing sportsmanship, fraternity and friendship among students and institutions.

2. Extramural activities provides exposure to good players to exhibit their talent at Higher levels. They are exposed to advanced techniques rules and regulations and facts of sports.

3. By participating in extra murals activities students become  technically more efficient learn skills from fellow participants and also improve their standard of playing.
Extra mural are essential to provide appropriate knowledge of new sports skills and techniques.

4. Through extra mural competitions the standard of sports performance can be enhanced.
For participation in extra mural activities proper and good team selection is done by experts and also sufficient practice of game under a good coach is provided to them.

OBJECTIVES OF EXTRAMURALS
1. To improve the standard of sports
Extra murals competitions helps to improve the standard of sports
By participating in extra mural students become technically more efficient.
They learn skills from fellow participants and also improve their standard of play.

2. To provide experience to the students
Extra mural activities provides experience and exposure to good players to exhibit their talent.

3. To develop sportsmanship and fraternity amoung students is one of the major objective of extra murals.

SPECIFIC SPORTS PROGRAMME
Specific sports program are the sports programs organised with the purpose to enhance good health and fitness along with awareness for specific cause for the benefit of society 

For example sports day, health run , run for fun , run for unity , run for awareness , run for special cause etc.


SPORTS DAY
Sports day is organised every year by every school
Sports day is organised to have all round development of children
On sports day ample opportunities are provided to every child to take part in any activity
On this day children take part in activities of there choice
School authorities also lay stress on maximum participation of children
By participating in these activities students develop leadership qualities among them.
This activities also enhance interest of students in sports.
This activities provide proper recreation to children.
It also improves the level of physical fitness in children
Children also developed various social qualities such as honesty respect sympathy tolerance corporation unity etc
First of all fix the date and Venue for organising sports day well in advance
Then various committees such as  reception committee  finance committee  medical committee  medical committee refreshment committee  Prize Distribution committee etc are formed for the smooth and efficient organisation of sports day

All this committee work together with proper coordination for successful organisation of sports day

HEALTH RUNS
Health runs are organised by health department sports department or social organisations
Usually their purpose is to enhance the standard of health in country along with raising of funds for charity
Health Run is a physical activity that offers a significant health benefits
Good planning is required to bring maximum participation for the program 
Help can be taken from media for its publicity 
Registration of participants should be done well in advance 
Proper planning should be made regarding safety arrangements of participants like help from traffic police assistance from police other volunteers help etc 
At the end of the program organizers should see the safe dispersal of participants.

RUN FOR FUN
Run for fun is organised without objective to spread the message among the people to remain Happy, healthy and fit 
It may be organised to motivate the people to exercise regularly and stay healthy
 It is also organised in the same way as health runs 
Run for fun is more related to have fun and frolic during running.
It is a friendly race that involve either Road running or Cross Country running taking part for their own enjoyment and Recreation rather than competition
 Run for fun is also organised to raise funds for charity,
 Participants generally should wear dress code or specific kit for the event.

RUN FOR A SPECIFIC CAUSE
Run for specific cause is related to a good or noble cause.
It is mainly organised to raise the funds for specific cause but the cause should be noble 
These runs are organised by various NGOs to raise funds for a specific cause like education, cancer, AIDS, environmental awareness etc.
People of various age group can take part in this event.
Some NGOs also involve celebrities to take part in such events to raise funds for a specific cause.
Reward should be given to position holders where as other participants should be encouraged and motivated to perform better. 

RUN FOR UNITY
These runs are organised with specific purpose i.e. to show unity and peace among the people of different religions.
Its purpose may be National and international integration and brotherhood
In some countries Run for Unity is organised to celebrate their Independence.
It may be organised in the form of a marathon race 
People from different age group can participate in this event 
The winners should be rewarded 

Such runs promote harmony peace and solidarity among people of different religions.

CHAPTER 5:- CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SPORTS

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT  It refers to the development of child bones, muscles, ability to move around and manipulate his or her environment ...