CHAPTER 2:- SPORTS AND NUTRITION

Diet:-
The food which we eat is known as diet
It is the basic requirement of every individual to fulfil the energy needs

Nutrients:-
Those components of diet that are required for the maintenance, proper growth and development of the body.
They are divided into two types
Macro nutrients and
Micro nutrients

Macro nutrients: -
They are required in large proportion in our diet.
They include Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins.
They are the main source of energy and needed for the growth, maintenance and development of the body.

MICRONUTRIENTS
They are required in lesser proportion in our diet.
They include vitamins and minerals.
They are considered as supplement food.
They act as defensive food and help in proper functioning of the body.

NUTRITION
Nutrition is the science of food that deals with the dynamic process in which the food consumed is digested, nutrients are absorbed and distributed to the tissues for utilisation and wastes are disposed of the body.
Nutrition is the science which deals with nutritious diet and its importance for the individual.

BALANCE DIET
A Balanced diet refers to the intake of diet which provides all essential nutrients necessary for growth and development of body in correct proportions for efficient working of body.
The proper ratio between Protiens, Fats and Carbohydrates should be 1:1:4.

FUNCTIONS OF BALANCE DIET

• Balanced diet provides sufficient energy to perform workout and daily routine activities.
• Balanced diet helps in proper growth and development of an individual.
• Balanced diet prevents individual from various health problems, illness and diseases.
• Balanced diet helps an individual to maintain proper and healthy body weight.
• Balanced diet helps to repair and replace the worn out tissues, thus helps in faster recovery from injury.
• Balanced diet provides all essential nutrients required for proper and efficient working of all body systems.

COMPONENTS OF DIET

• Our diet contains large number of nutrients ( Nutritive and Non - Nutritive ).
• Nutritive components of diet are those components which contribute or provide energy or calories.
• Nutritive component of diet includes Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins and Minerals.

CARBOHYDRATES

• Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for almost all activities of an individual.
• Carbohydrates are compounds of carbon hydrogen and oxygen with chemical formula CHO
• On an average one gram of carbohydrates gives 4 Calories of energy on burning 
• Dietitians recommend 60 to 70% of carbohydrates in our diet.
• Excess of Carbohydrates are converted into Glycogen which are stored in liver and muscles as energy reserve
• Less amount of carbohydrates in diet causes under nutrition and weight loss.
• Carbohydrates are of two types

A) Simple Carbohydrates

B) Complex Carbohydrates
A) Simple Carbohydrate

• They are used as immediate energy providers 
• Sources of simple carbohydrates are fruits. low fat milk, table sugar, refined honey, jam etc.
• All simple carbohydrates are sweet in taste.

B) Complex Carbohydrates

• Complex carbohydrates are good sources of vitamins and fibres.
• They releases slow energy as compared to simple carbohydrates where as energy content is higher.
• Complex carbohydrates are found in bread, cerials like wheat, rice, Maize and bajra, vegetables like potato, carrot, whole pulses etc

PROTEINS

Proteins are the basic structures of all living cells.

They are complex organic compounds which form chain of amino acids that contain carbon hydrogen and nitrogen.

Proteins are needed for growth and development of body 

It helps to repair or replace the worn out tissues 

It does not provide energy in normal routine where as it acts as energy source only under extreme starvation condition 

Protein requirement depends upon individuals activity on daily basis for example tissue growth, injury, pregnancy, etc

Dietician recomend 15 to 20% of proteins in our daily diet.

High intake of protein creates overload over kidney and liver, Moreover it leads to dehydration. 

Under protein diet slows down the growth and development along with delayed recovery from injury. 

There are two types of proteins 

A) Essential proteins 

B) Non- essential proteins

A) Essential Proteins:- 

There are 9 essential amino acids which are taken from food 

 They are not made in body 

The sources of essential proteins are pulses milk, dairy products, soyabean, egg, meat etc

B) Non-essential Proteins:- 

These proteins help in the synthesis of essential proteins.

Body requires them in very less quantity.

Sources of non essential proteins are grains, dry fruits, vegetables etc

3. FATS
Fats are the most concentrated source of energy in food
on an average one gram of Fat on burning gives 9 Calories of energy
fats are stored in our body in the form of fatty acids
Fats are important sources of energy for long endurance activities such as hiking, cycling and long distance running
fats also carry vitamins like Vitamin A, D, E and K
Our diet should consist 5 to 10% of fat.

Higher intake of fats increases the risk of obesity and may cause heart diseases.
There are two types of fatty acids
A) Saturated Fatty Acids
B) Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A) Saturated fatty acids
They are found in food items like dairy products cream butter, coconut oil, animal fat etc
They are found in solid and liquid form
They have a sticky quality.

B) Unsaturated fatty acids
These fatty acids largely comes from plants like peanuts oil, olive oil, Soya oil, etc.

4. VITAMINS
Vitamins are very essential for normal working of body
They are important for metabolism of fats and carbohydrates
They do not provide energy but help in repair and maintenance of various tissues
They are required in very small quantity in our diet

They may cause certain deficiency disease if our diet is lacking vitamins.

Vitamins are divided into two groups
Fat Soluble Vitamins and Water Soluble Vitamins

A) Fat soluble vitamins
These vitamins are soluble in fat
They come into our body through fats.
They are stored in liver and fatty tissues.
These vitamins are Vitamin A, D, E and K.

Vitamin A
This vitamin is also known as retinol
 the vitamin is needed for normal growth and development of eyes and skin
deficiency of vitamin A causes night blindness
sources of vitamin A are milk, butter, egg, carrot, cod liver oil, tomatoes, green leafy vegetables, etc

Vitamin D
 this vitamin is important for formation of bones and teeth
This vitamin is also known as sunshine vitamin
deficiency of this vitamin causes rickets
sources of vitamin D are milk, butter, green vegetables, etc

Vitamin E

This vitamin is important to protect cell membrane and act as antioxidant 

sources of vitamin E are Whole seed grains, nuts, turmeric, etc

Vitamin K 

This vitamin helps in blood clotting and heels wounds 

sources of vitamin K are cabbage cauliflower spinach serials, soya beans, green leafy vegetables, etc

B) WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

These vitamins are soluble in water.

They are not stored in a body, so we need them more frequently.

These vitamins include vitamin B and vitamins C 

These vitamins can be destroyed by heat.

Vitamin B

vitamin B is of various types.

vitamin B1 is known as thaimin

It helps in growth and development and help in the synthesis of carbohydrates 

Its deficiency causes beri beri. 

Vitamin B2 is known as Riboflavin

It helps in growth of red blood cells

Deficiency of this vitamin causes retarded growth.

Vitamin B3 is known as niacin 

it's deficiency causes pellegra in which skin sensitivity is lost and causes irritation over skin.

Vitamin B5 is also known as  Pantothenic acid. Vitamin B5 deficiency normally does not occur, but sometimes results in tiredness headache dizziness mood swings and digestive problems.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Vitamin B6 is a key factor in protein and glucose metabolism as well as in the formation of haemoglobin. The main source includes potatoes and other starchy vegetables and bananas.

Vitamin B7 is also known as biotin vitamin B7 is vital for metabolism of nutrients, maintaining hair skin and mucous membrane. It also helps in maintaining nervous system function.
Main sources of Vitamin B7 are peanuts, whole wheat bread cheese, fish etc.
Deficiency of Vitamin B7 causes hair loss

Vitamin B9 is also known as Folic acid. Adequate intake of Vitamin B9 helps body to utilise amino acids which are the building blocks of proteins.
It helps body form blood cells in bone marrow.
It also plays a crucial role in producing nucleic acids- DNA
Sources of Vitamin B9 include broccoli spinach eggs beans milk.

Vitamin B12 helps nervous system, metabolism and energy transfer for growth 

Deficiency of this vitamin causes beri beri in which person has week muscles and poor coordination.

The sources of vitamin B are meat, egg,  grains, cerials, vegetables, beans etc.

Vitamin C:-

Vitamin C is also known as ASCORBIC ACID.

Vitamin C is required for maintenance of ligaments tendons, blood vessels, cappilary walls and delicate lining of mouth and gums 

Deficiency of this vitamin causes scurvy in which gums bleed. 

Sources of vitamin C are citrus fruits liked lemon, orange, amla, tomatoes, vegetables etc.

5. MINERALS:-

MINERALS are certain important elements required by body

They are also needed is small quantity. 

They are essential for proper growth and development of body.

It's deficiency causes certain diseases.

They are supplied in the of salts by food items. 

IRON

It is required for the formation of hemoglobin. 

Deficiency of iron leads to anaemia.

Sources of iron are green leafy vegetables, eggs, meat etc

CALCIUM 

It is required for bone and teeth formation 

Its deficiency causes osteoporosis, rickets, retarded growth, less height, delayed recovery from bone injury.

Sources of calcium are milk and milk products, fruits, tomatoes, vegetables, etc.

IODINE

Its deficiency causes goitre

It's sources seafood, iodide salt

PHOSPHOROUS 

It helps in making strong bones and teeth 

Sources are egg, meat, dry fruits, grains

SODIUM

It helps nervous system for better neuromuscular responses 

It's deficiency causes cramps and tiredness 

It's sources are common salt, fruits and vegetables.

NON NUTRITIVE COMPONENTS OF DIET

Non-Nutritive components of the diet are those components of diet which do not provide us energy, calories, etc. 

Non-Nutritive components of the diet include roughage(fibre), water, colour, flavour, etc.

1. Fibre or Roughage:-

Fibre or roughage has no nutritive value

 It is an digested part of the food and it cannot be digested by human intestine tract

 It helps the individual to satisfy the appetite

 It helps to correct the disorders of large intestine

 It also prevents constipation 

Fibre reduces blood sugar fluctuations and lowers cholesterol.

Sources of Fibre are wheat, fruits, root, vegetables, oats, connective tissues of meat and fish etc.

2. Water:-

Water is also a non-nutritive component of the diet. 

Water is used in food to cook or to provide suitable texture. 

It helps to regulate body temperature, 

it keeps our skin moist etc. 

It is excreted from our body in the form of urine, sweat, faeces and water vapours in the exhaled breath.

3. Colour Compounds:-

To make food more attractive, food colours are added to it. 

Natural colours are present in fruits and vegetables. 

Colours obtained from animal products and grains are less bright or dark in colours.

4. Flavours:-
Flavours are classified into 2 types: Natural flavours and Artificial flavours.
Natural flavours are obtained from fruits, vegetables, animals etc while artificial flavours are those which are obtained from chemicals.

Flavours are added to food to develop its taste.

5. Plants Compounds:-
Many different non-nutritive substances are commonly consumed in the daily diet.
These include the beverages coffee and tea.
They may be harmful to us if taken in excessive quantity.

Excess of such products may lead to increase in heart rate, secretion of stomach acid and urination.

EATING FOR WEIGHT CONTROL
Healthy Weight:-
Healthy weight is that weight at which and individual leads a healthy life without any risk  of diseases or health problems such as diabetes hypertension back pain etc.
There are usually to methods to calculate healthy weight
Height and weight chart

Body mass index chart

Methods to control healthy body weight.

1. Regular physical exercise:-

An obese person should perform physical activity regularly and avoid sedentary lifestyle.

Exercise has positive effect on metabolism and helps to burn extra calories

This ultimately helps in maintaining healthy body weight.

2. Avoid Junk and Fast food:-

Try to avoid junk and fast food such as pizza burger cookies pastry cold rings etc

They are high calorie food and intake of such food leads to overweight or obesity.

3. Don't skip meals:-

Sometimes people don’t eat to reduce weight 

don’t skip meals such as breakfast lunch or dinner as it increases hunger and results in greater food consumption in your next meal.

these even leads to serious health problems.

4. Avoid alcohol, smoking and drugs:-

Obese or overweight person should strictly avoid drinking alcohol smoking and chewing tobacco.

 These things increase your appetite and leads to over eating.

5. Eating lot of fibrous food:-

Food items like fruits salad vegetables etc are rich sources of fibrous food.

Foods with high fibre content provider vitamins and minerals to the body.

They are low in energy food and thus prevent obesity.

6. Avoid overeating:-

one should avoid over eating to control or maintain healthy body weight 

it means eat the food according to the requirement of the body 

the diet should be divided into various small meals after some intervals rather than big heavy meals.

7. Avoid fats and carbohydrates rich food:-

Both fats and carbohydrates are the main source of energy 

but access of fat and rich carbohydrate food can lead to obesity or overweight

Thus avoid tried food and direct fats like butter, cream, ghee, animal fat etc.

The amount of carbohydrate intake in diet should also be reduced to control body weight

8. Drink Plenty of Fluids:-

One should drink plenty of water , fruit juice , drinks etc 

it prevents acidity and reduces stress over kidney and stomach

It helps in cleaning body waste also.

PITFALLS OF DIETING
The main pitfalls of dieting are as follows
1. Extreme Reduction of Calories:-
Person performing dieting reduces the intake of calories considerably.
 These causes low energy level and  lowers metabolism.
Thus the person experiences tiredness, body ache etc.

2. Skipping Meals:- 
People often skip meals to reduce weight whereas in the next mail they eat large amount of foods.
Hence skipping meals works against your weight loss plans.

3. Restriction on essential nutrients:-
Generally some nutrients like carbohydrates and parts are restricted in dieting.

The person take diet without fats and less carbohydrates by which health is affected.

4. Not performing physical activity:-
People often considered that reducing diet is good for controlling weight thus they neglect physical activity which is equally important for healthy lifestyle.
Exercise has a positive effect on metabolism and also helps to burn extra calories
Exercise increases metabolic rate which ultimately reduces the body weight
So dieting is beneficial if you perform exercise along with it.

5. Starving:-
Starving causes serious health problems and it is dangerous
Thus starving should not be done for longer period.

6. Intake of labelled foods:- 
Most of the people who go on dieting usually go for such food products that carry the label sugar free low calories no fat or fat free etc
Such type of food is not always the best for losing the weight
 It also does not meet all the requirement of the body

7. Taking less liquid:- 
People often think that drinking water or  liquid makes them to gain weight which is wrong.

SPORTS NUTRITION
Sports nutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet as it relates to performance in the field of games and sports
It deals with the type and quantity of fluid and food intake by sports person

It also deals with nutrients such as carbohydrates proteins, fats vitamins, minerals, water etc

EFFECT OF DIET ON SPORTS PERFORMANCE

Nutrition before competition

The diet one week before the competition should be rich in complex carbohydrates such as rice , wheat , bread , potatoes , cereals , milk , cakes , etc

This helps and rising the glycogen stores of energy in the body,

Vitamins and minerals should also be maintained during this period.

The meal before the competition should be taken 3 to 4 hours before the competition.

This diet should be rich in complex carbohydrates , low in fat , low in protein , low in fibres like milk , cereals , rice , wheat , bread , cake , potatoes , past , chocolate etc.

Nutition during competition

Nutrition during competition is essential to stay hydrated and to maintain blood sugar levels so that sports person may not feel fatigue.

If duration of the competition is more than 1 hour , a sports person should take simple carbohydrates at regular intervals during competition.

This diet should be more in liquid form then in hard stuffy form.

The water balance of the body is maintained with sufficient quick energy sources such as fruits, fruit juices, banana, sports drinks, energy  drinks etc.

Nutrition after competition

Nutrition after competition is essential for getting proper recovery and for restoration of glycogen stores in contact sports such as wrestling, judo, boxing, kabaddi etc 

There are lot of injuries during competition as well as during training period.

Thus the diet should have more amount of proteins to repair and replace the worn out tissues

The players are also advise to take lot of complex carbohydrates along with vitamins and minerals in explosive activities like throws, jumps, weightlifting etc 

The players should take lot of vitamins and minerals along with raised amount of proteins in the diet.

 Meals after competition should be taken within 2 hours of competition for best glycogen restoration.

FOOD INTOLERANCE

Food in tolerance is that when a person has difficulty in digestion a particular food

It arises  when the individual elements of food that cannot be properly processed and absorbed by our digestive system

Food intolerance is a problem that arises when a person consumes large amount of specific food whereas less amount of same food can be tolerated or digested.

It shows symptoms like vomiting, pain in joints, headache , rashes on the skin etc

This can be prevented by avoiding those certain food products and intake of yogurt products , consuming alternate food products etc

FOOD MYTH OR DIETING MYTH

It is a misconception or belief of people regarding food without knowing any scientific reason.
The following are some of the common dieting myths

MYTH:- Low fat or no fat diet are good for you.
FACT: -  Leading dietitians believe that low fat diet helps in losing weight but there is no need to follow fat free diet.
Cutting down on saturated fats and eating unsaturated fats will help in maintaining hralthy body weight.
Body needs fat for energy, tissue repair and to transport vitamins A, D, E and K.

MYTH:- Potatoes makes you fat.
FACT: -  People used to think that carbohydrates rich food like potatoes and rice increases body weight.
So for reducing weight they avoid carbohydrate rich foods from their diet.
We know that carbohydrates are the main source of energy.
So, potatoes will not make you fat if taken in moderate quantity.

MYTH: - Starve yourself if you want to lose weight.
Fact eating a good diet is important than not to eat when you are on weight loss program to prevent overeating.
Food items which suppresses appetite and increases metabolism should be increased in diet.
So there is no need to starve yourself to lose weight.

MYTH: Eggs increases Cholesterol level avoid them.
FACT: - More often people with high cholesterol avoid eggs.
Eggs are not harmful if taken in moderate quantity.
In fact it is considered as complete food as It provides various nutrients like proteins, vitamins and minerals.

MYTH:- Food eaten at late night is more fattening.
FACT:- Expert says that it is not when you eat that makes you fat, actually what you eat and amount of calories you intake makes you fat.
People who skip meals during day, eat lot in evening and more likely to gain fat than those who eat regularly throughout the day.

MYTH:- Only overwieght / Obese person needs exercise.
FACT:- Many people think that those who are dieting don't need to perform any exercises to lose weight.
Whereas fact is that exercises help to keep us healthy both physically as well as mentally.
moreover it manages stresses of life and develops socialization.

CHAPTER 1 PLANNING IN SPORTS

Definition of Planning
Planning is an intellectual process to develop a strategy to achieve desired goal, to solve problems and to facilitate actions.
Planning is the process of thinking about and forming strategies to achieve desired goals smoothly
and efficiently.
Planning is an intellectual process of thinking in advance about setting of goals and developing strategies which are requires to attain the goals efficiently.

Objectives of planning:

1. HELPS TO ACHIEVE AIM OF PROGRAMME 
Planning is done considering aims and objectives of programme. 
A well organised planning helps to develop strategies to accomplish desired goals efficiently.
It also helps in keeping a good control in organizing a tournament.

2. TO MAKE THE BEST USE OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES 
A good planning helps to make the best use of available resources to achieve immediate and long term goals. 

3. TO PROVIDE PROPER COORDINATION AMONG COMMITTEES
Planning helps in directing, assigning duties and work to various committees, 
Planning helps in proper management and coordination of various committees. Without proper coordination , it is difficult to organize a sports competition smoothly and efficiently.

4. HELPS IN REDUCING MISTAKES
Organizing an event with minimum mistakes leaves a good impression on everyone.
A systematic and effective planning reduces the chances of mistakes while organizing a sports competition.
It also reduces undue pressure and last moment rush.

5. HELPS IN ENHANCING SPORTS PERFORMANCE
Planning is necessary to reach at the top or apex position in any sports.
Planning is very important to enhance sports performance of athlete or players.
The attainment of good performance in the field of sports depends on the effective planning of their training.
Their training is divided into training session plans, weekly plans, monthly plans and yearly plans.

• To reduce undue pressure
• To promote innovative ideas.
• To have good control over all the activities.
• To improve efficiency.

VARIOUS COMMITTEE AND THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES

1. RECEPTION COMMITTEE
Pre -Work 
•To check team details in advance
•To get the schedule fixture details
•To be aware by all boarding and lodging rules and transportation requirements
During Work
•To welcome all the teams
•To inform teams regarding tournament schedule, their stay arrangements and logding timings and other important information.
Post Work 
•To get feedback from various team


2. FINANCE COMMITTEE
PRE -WORK

•  To plan an approximate budget for the tournament
•  To get  approvals and
•  To get the details of the requirement from various committee and their approximate expenses.
•  To plan for raising funds

DURING WORK

•  To provide funds to the committee for various activities.

 POST WORK

• To clear pending payments
• To prepare exact financial report of the tournament

3. BOARDING AND LODGING COMMITTEE
PRE WORK:-
To get the details of out-stationed teams and their boarding and lodging plans.
To make arrangements for their beddings, pillows, bed sheets, etc
To plan for the meals of teams and officials

DURING:-
To manage comfortable stay of out-stationed teams.
To provide good meals to teams and officials without disturbing their match schedule.

POST WORK:-
To collect and verify the conditions of issued equipments.
To return the equipments bought on rent.

4. PRIZE DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE
PRE WORK:-
To place an order for prizes and certificates for all the events that are to be conducted.
To get the details of all the participants of each team.

DURING WORK:-
To get the results / Winners name list from the In charges.
To write merit certificates and participation certificates beautifully and carefully.
To conduct prize distribution ceremony smoothly.

POST WORK:-
To submit unused or damaged certificates to organizing secretary.

5. MEDICAL COMMITTEE
PRE WORK
To arrange first aid kit, medical equipments and medicines near the ground.

DURING:-
To provide medical aid to injured or sick players.

6. TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE
PRE-WORK
To plan for pick up of arriving teams

DURING WORK
To provide transportation to teams for reaching to the venue of the events.

POST WORK
To provide transportation to outstationed teams while departure.

7. OFFICIAL COMMITTEE
PRE WORK:-
To make all necessary arrangements required for conducting the game for e.g. scoresheets, ball, stop watch etc.
DURING WORK:-
To manage and conduct the game as per the schedule.
To perform referee duty
To minimize and solve disputes during the games,
POST WORK: -
To verify the scoresheets, scoreboard etc.
To return equipments to the incharge committe.
To submit winner's list and results to the prize distribution committee.
To maintain records of the events

DEFINITION OF TOURNAMENT
A Tournament is that series of matches or sports events played between teams or players to decide a winner.


A tournament is a sports festival where various teams or players compete with each other and one team / player emerges as winner

IMPORTANCE OF TOURNAMENTS
1. DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS SKILLS
A tournament provides good platform to display the talent and perfection of skills, techniques, tactics and strategies.
By participating in tournaments various skills of sports are developed.
They aquire efficiency in skills and finally they improve the game.

2. ACT AS MOTIVATION:-
Tournaments also provides evaluation and comparision of teams.
Thus, they act as inspiration and encouragement for players.

3. DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL QUALITIES
Tournaments helps to develop various social traits and ethical values such as honesty, repect, cooperation, sympathy, brotherhood and discipline among sportsperson.

4. SOURCE OF RECREATION:-

Tournaments provide ample recreation to spectators 

They don;t hesitate to spend large expenditure for watching world cups, Olympic games etc.

5. HELPFUL IN SELECTION OF PLAYERS

A tournament is an appropriate way to select good players by observing their performance.

6. PROPAGANDA OF SPORTS

Tournaments are helpful in publicising and popularising a sport.

Whenever a tournament for new sport is organised, it develops the interest of spectators..

TYPES OF TOURNAMENTS
There are five types of tournaments
1. Knock - out or Elimination Tournaments
2. League or Round Robin Tournaments.
3. Combination Tournament.
4. Challenge Tournament.
5. Consolation Tournament.

1. Knockout or Elemination Tournament.
It is a form of competition in which winning teams play further matches as per schedule and defeated teams get eleminated from the tournament until one team emerges as winner.

In knock out tournament, second opportunity is not given to defeated or losing team.

A team once defeated gets eliminated from the tournament.

Only the winning teams continue in the tournament till one team emerges as winner.

Advantages of Knockout Tournaments.

Knock out tournaments are less expensive and economically beneficial for organiser 

Knock out tournaments helps in raising the standard of sports  as each team tries their level best to avoid defeat.

Since there are lesser number of matches, less time is consumed to finish the tournament. Thus Knock out tournaments are easy to conduct.

In this type of tournament, Spectator's interest is high as it brings faster results.

Disadvantages of Knockout Tournament.

Good teams may get eliminated and weak team may come ahead in knock out tournaments

In Knock out tournaments skilled selection of players is not possible as good players may lose their match in the initial rounds..

This tournaments are very stressful to players as every match is a Do or Die condition..

Definition of Fixture
It is the process of systematic arrangements of matches of the teams participating in a tournament.

The success of a tournament depends upon a suitable fixture.

Definition of BYE
A bye is an added advantage given to a team or player so that the team or player getting bye directly moves to the second round of the tournament without playing the first round.
A bye is generally given in the first round of a knockout tournament.

PROCEDURE TO DRAW FIXTURE IN A KNOCKOUT TOURNAMENT

Key points for preparing fixture: -

• Total number of teams participating in tournament
• Total number of byes
• Number of teams in each half or quarter
• Total number of rounds
• Total number of matches

Method to draw fixture in knockout tournament.

1. Calculate number of matches

Number of matches is equal to total number of teams – one

2. Calculate number of teams in each half

If the Number of teams are odd then

number of teams in upper half = (n+1)/2

Where n is equal to number of teams participating in tournament

Number of teams in lower half = (n-1)/2

If number of teams participating in tournament is equal to even then

Number of teams in upper and lower half is equal to = (n)/2

3. Calculate number of byes

A bye is a privilege or an added advantage given to teams so that the teams getting byes directly proceeds to the second round without playing first round.

It is very easy to draw fixture if the number of teams is equal to the power of two

If the total number of teams are not equal to the power of 2 then byes are given.

4. Method of fixing byes

First bye is given to the last team of lower half

Second bye is given to the first team of upper half

Third bye is given to the first team of lower half

Forth bye is given to the last team of upper half

5. Calculate number of rounds

 If the number of participating teams is equal to the power of 2 then number of rounds will be equal to the power of 2.

 For example in case of 16 teams number of rounds will be 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 that is 4 rounds

If the number of participating teams is not equal to the number which is power of 2 then number of rounds will be based on the next highest power of 2

For example if there are 10 teams the next highest power of 2 is 16 therefore the number of rounds will be 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 that is 4 rounds

Definition of Seeding

It is the process of arrangement of strong teams at advantageous place in the fixture so that they don’t compete with each other in initial rounds

Usually, seeding is given on the basis of the previous performance, home teams etc

Seeding is a process or procedure of shuffling the position of good teams to avoid best matches in starting to keep interest alive for spectators till finals.

If there are two very strong teams, one will be placed on the top of upper half and the other at the bottom of the lower half of the fixture so that if they win their regular matches they will meet in the finals.

If there are four strong teams then the third team will be placed on the top of lower half and the fourth team at the bottom of the upper half.

Seeding is done to make the contest keen and keep interest of the people or spectators in the tournament alive.

SPECIAL SEEDING:-

In special seeding, the seeded players

enter the tournament in the quarter final or semi final round without participating in the initial rounds.

LEAGUE OR ROUND ROBIN TOURNAMENT

It is considered as the best type of tournament.

It is a form of tournament in which every team plays with every other opponent team for a fixed number of times irrespective of win, lose or draw.

It is played in various forms

1. Single league Tournament

 2. Double league Tournament

In League tournaments, points are awarded for a win (2 points), draw (1 point) and lose ( 0 point), and the winner is the one with maximum number of points after all the games are played.

ADVANTAGES OF LEAGUE TOURNAMENT

1. PROVIDES MAXIMUM OPPORTUNITIES

League tournament provides ample or maximum opportunities to players and teams to show their best performance

2. TRUE WINNERS

league tournament provides true or real winner at the end.

Only strong and deserving team gets victory in the tournament.

3. SKILLED SELECTION

League tournament helps to provide good selection of players or teams.

The sports officials have enough time to observe the efficiency and performance of a playeror team and make an appropriate selection.

4. PROVIDES RANKINGS

At the end of the league tournament gets the rankings, thus they can evaluate themselves.

DISADVANTAGES OF LEAGUE TOURNAMENT

1. TIME CONSUMING

As the number of matches are more, such tournaments are time consuming.

2. LARGE ARRANGEMENTS

League tournament requires more arrangements for sports officials and teams. Hence It costs more.

3. LESS INTEREST OF SPECTATORS:-

Spectators show less interest in league tournament

They don't get proper recreation due to delay in results.

4. DEMORALIZES WEAK TEAMS

In such tournaments weak teams get psychologically demoralized due to their repeated defeats.

5. LOT OF INJURIES

As there are large number of matches, chances of injuries are more in such tournaments.

PROCEDURE OF FIXTURE IN LEAGUE TOURNAMENTS:-

There are 3 methods used for fixtures in league tournament.

1) Cyclic Method

2) Staircase Method

3) Tabular Method

Cyclic Method

In cyclic method, if the number of teams is in even number, one team is fixed at its position whereas other teams are rotated in anticlockwise position.

Number of rounds will be N – 1

If the number of teams is in odd number, bye is fixed on the top of the left side and all the teams are rotated in anticlockwise position.

Number of Rounds will be equal to the number of teams participating in the tournament.

Staircase Method:-

In this method fixtures are arranged in such a way that it resembles a staircase. There is no need to give voice to anything in this method so there is no issue of odd or even number of teams.

Definition of Intramural

Intramural are the activities or competitions that are organised within the walls of the institution or campus. 

These competitions are organised only for the students of a school or institution 

No student of other schools can participate in this activities.

SIGNIFICANCE OF INTRAMURALS

1. Provides opportunity:- 

Intramurals provides ample opportunities to the students to participate in games and sports 

2. Develops interest:-  

Intramural activities develop interest among students to participate and compete in activities of their choice.

3. Wholesome development:- 

Intramural provides Wholesome development of a student.

They are very significant for physical mental emotional and social development.

4. Provides recreation:- 

Intramural provides maximum recreation to the students.

These programs refresh the children and make them agile.

5. Promote moral values:- 

Intramural promote moral and ethical values among students.

 It develops the spirit of togetherness and sportsmanship among students.

6. Better selection:- 

Intramural activities helps teachers or coaches to select good players for extramural competitions.

It helps them to recognise new talent and motivate them to improve further.

7. Develop leadership quality:- 

Intramural are beneficial for developing leadership quality among student who innate leadership skills.

OBJECTIVES OF INTRAMURALS

1. SKILL DEVELOPMENT:- 
To provide the opportunity to learn a variety of games, the fundamental skills, rules and regulations and technical and tactical knowledge of their sports is yet another important objective of intramurals. 

Student learn variety of games, fundamental skills, rules and regulations when they participate in intramural activities.

2.TO DEVELOP ORGANISATIONAL SKILLS:- 

To provide opportunity for the students to get experience of organising a competition is also an objective of intramural in intramural competitions. 

A number of committees are formed for the organisation in which students are also involved directly or indirectly. 

Hence by performing their duties, students also get the experience of organizing games and sports tournament.

3. TALENT IDENTIFICATION:-

To identify talented sports person is also an objective of intramural. 

Intramural activities helps Physical education teacher or coaches to select and identify good players for extramural competitions.

4. TO PROVIDE UNIFORM & EQUAL OPPORTUNITY:- 
To provide opportunity to every student to participate in games and sports is one of the major objective of intramural.

The activities of intramural provides mass participation of students and every student can participate in games and sports of his or her choice.

5. TO DEVELOP LEADERSHIP QUALITIES:-
To develop the leadership qualities among students is another significant objective of intramurals.

Intramural activities are helpful in developing leadership qualities among students who have innate leadership skills.

6. HEALTHY RECREATION:- 

To provide recreation is another vital objective of intramural.

Intramural activities refreshers students.

Student finds a lot of joy fun and pleasure by participating and such intramural activities or competitions.

7. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT:-
These sports develop physical, mental and social capabilities. This leads to an overall improvement in one's personality.

8. TO DEVELOP MORAL VALUES:-
By participating in sports students learn sportsmanship and understand team spirit. They learn to take victory and defeat in right spirit.Sports develops cooperation, teamwork, respect for opponents, etc

DEFINITION OF EXTRAMURALS.

Extramural refers to the activities that are organized outside the walls of the institution or school

 Students of two or more school generally participate in them.

Extramural activities are conducted at various levels like interschool, inter-District, inter-state, Cluster, Zonal, National and international level.

SIGNIFICANCE OF EXTRAMURALS

1. Extramural activities helps in developing sportsmanship, fraternity and friendship among students and institutions.

2. Extramural activities provides exposure to good players to exhibit their talent at Higher levels. They are exposed to advanced techniques rules and regulations and facts of sports.

3. By participating in extra murals activities students become  technically more efficient learn skills from fellow participants and also improve their standard of playing.

Extra mural are essential to provide appropriate knowledge of new sports skills and techniques.

4. Through extra mural competitions the standard of sports performance can be enhanced.

For participation in extra mural activities proper and good team selection is done by experts and also sufficient practice of game under a good coach is provided to them.

OBJECTIVES OF EXTRAMURALS

1. To improve the standard of sports

Extra murals competitions helps to improve the standard of sports

By participating in extra mural students become technically more efficient.

They learn skills from fellow participants and also improve their standard of play.

2. To provide experience to the students

Extra mural activities provides experience and exposure to good players to exhibit their talent.

3. To develop sportsmanship and fraternity amoung students is one of the major objective of extra murals.

SPECIFIC SPORTS PROGRAMME

Specific sports program are the sports programs organised with the purpose to enhance good health and fitness along with awareness for specific cause for the benefit of society 

For example sports day, health run , run for fun , run for unity , run for awareness , run for special cause etc.

SPORTS DAY

Sports day is organised every year by every school

Sports day is organised to have all round development of children

On sports day ample opportunities are provided to every child to take part in any activity

On this day children take part in activities of there choice

School authorities also lay stress on maximum participation of children

By participating in these activities students develop leadership qualities among them.

This activities also enhance interest of students in sports.

This activities provide proper recreation to children.

It also improves the level of physical fitness in children

Children also developed various social qualities such as honesty respect sympathy tolerance corporation unity etc

First of all fix the date and Venue for organising sports day well in advance

Then various committees such as  reception committee  finance committee  medical committee  medical committee refreshment committee  Prize Distribution committee etc are formed for the smooth and efficient organisation of sports day

All this committee work together with proper coordination for successful organisation of sports day

HEALTH RUNS

Health runs are organised by health department sports department or social organisations

Usually their purpose is to enhance the standard of health in country along with raising of funds for charity

Health Run is a physical activity that offers a significant health benefits

Good planning is required to bring maximum participation for the program 

Help can be taken from media for its publicity 

Registration of participants should be done well in advance 

Proper planning should be made regarding safety arrangements of participants like help from traffic police assistance from police other volunteers help etc 

At the end of the program organizers should see the safe dispersal of participants.

RUN FOR FUN

Run for fun is organised without objective to spread the message among the people to remain Happy, healthy and fit 

It may be organised to motivate the people to exercise regularly and stay healthy

 It is also organised in the same way as health runs 

Run for fun is more related to have fun and frolic during running.

It is a friendly race that involve either Road running or Cross Country running taking part for their own enjoyment and Recreation rather than competition

 Run for fun is also organised to raise funds for charity,

 Participants generally should wear dress code or specific kit for the event.

RUN FOR A SPECIFIC CAUSE

Run for specific cause is related to a good or noble cause.
It is mainly organised to raise the funds for specific cause but the cause should be noble 
These runs are organised by various NGOs to raise funds for a specific cause like education, cancer, AIDS, environmental awareness etc.
People of various age group can take part in this event.
Some NGOs also involve celebrities to take part in such events to raise funds for a specific cause.
Reward should be given to position holders where as other participants should be encouraged and motivated to perform better. 

RUN FOR UNITY
These runs are organised with specific purpose i.e. to show unity and peace among the people of different religions.
Its purpose may be National and international integration and brotherhood
In some countries Run for Unity is organised to celebrate their Independence.
It may be organised in the form of a marathon race 
People from different age group can participate in this event 
The winners should be rewarded 

Such runs promote harmony peace and solidarity among people of different religions.